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the wavelength of the construction beams.the XYZ position of construction beam 2, relative to the hologram surface vertex.the XYZ position of construction beam 1, relative to the hologram surface vertex.Both surfaces are also characterized by some hologram-specific parameters, defining: The shape of Hologram 1 and Hologram 2 is controlled by Radius and Conic parameters, enabling modelling of plane, spherical or conical holograms. This explicitly indicates OpticStudio that rays propagate in the opposite direction after hitting the hologram surface. Note that to use a hologram in reflection, its Material must be set to “Mirror”. Inversely, for reflection holograms, construction beams come from opposite sides of the hologram surface, as in set-ups (c), (d), (e) and (f). For transmission holograms, construction beams come from the same side of the hologram surface, as in set-ups (a), (b), (g) and (h). Typical set-up examples for both models is shown in the following image, where blue rays indicate diverging construction beams and green rays indicate converging construction beams.īoth Hologram 1 and Hologram 2 can be used to model transmission or reflection holograms. Hologram 1 is to be used when both construction beams diverge or converge, while Hologram 2 is to be used when one construction beam diverges and the other converges. The main characteristics of all three main hologram models will be described in the following sections.īoth Hologram 1 and Hologram 2 surfaces are based on the assumption that the construction beams come from point sources and have no aberrations. With the exception of the Optically Fabricated Hologram, all sequential and non-sequential hologram models are based on Hologram 1 and Hologram 2 sequential surfaces. There are three main hologram models available in OpticStudio. Other properties, such as diffraction efficiency calculations based on diffraction order, wavelength or incident angle, are not considered at present. A value of m = 0 means the ray is undeviated, while other integer values of m refer to other diffraction orders.Ĭurrently, OpticStudio only models holograms to the extent of deviating ray path. Where is the unit vector normal to the surface of the hologram at ray intersection point is the unit vector along the first construction beam is the unit vector along the second construction beam is the unit vector along the incident readout beam is the refracted ray λ c and λ p are the construction and playback wavelengths respectively and m is the diffraction order. The hologram deviates ray paths according to the following equation. OpticStudio treats holograms as infinitely thin surfaces that alter the phase of a ray. Hologram ray-tracing equation and main models CGH can be modelled in OpticStudio through any surface allowing a phase profile definition, such as Binary or Grid Phase surfaces. This is to distinguish them from Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH), whose interference pattern is digitally generated instead. generated via interference of two construction beams through the process previously described. Note that, in this article and in OpticStudio, all holograms are implicitly optically fabricated i.e. It bears the signature of the interfering construction beams and effectively behaves like a diffraction grating when re-illuminated by a readout beam, during the Playback step. The hologram is the interference pattern once it is developed.
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During the Construction step, two beams of coherent light, called construction beams, interfere with each other, and their interference is recorded on a photosensitive plate.
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Two distinctive stages are associated with holograms: the Construction step and the Playback step, pertaining respectively to the hologram creation and its use as an optical element. Holograms are interference patterns recorded on a high-resolution photosensitive emulsion. This article describes the main characteristics of holograms and gives an overview of the hologram models available in OpticStudio.Īuthored By Alessandra Croce, Michael Cheng, Erin Elliott DownloadsĪrticle Attachments Introduction What is a hologram? They are effectively employed in a wide variety of applications, and in recent years have been especially valuable in the design of Augmented Reality headsets. Holograms are very versatile optical elements that can be used to achieve compact and light systems.